Month: December 2025

Month: December 2025

2025 Year-Ender

a fuzzy black cat sitting on its haunches on an asphalt surface
A James Bay cat! Cats may be the one good thing about the Internet and I saw this one with my own eyes.

Another year is passing, the tenth which I have ended with a blog post. This was a year of transition and activities outside of the history and archaeology I talk about on this blog. So sit down with a mug of something warm (or a glass of something cool for readers in the Antipodes) while I talk about this past year.

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Continuous Combat or Pulses and Lulls?

a bare marble sculpture of a cuirass with flaps at the bottom edge, a sword, and several shafted weapons or battle standards
A relief of captured arms and armour from the early Roman empire. Metropolitan Museum of Art, object number 2021.264.1

Over on his blog Bret Devereaux has followed up a chat in the comments with a post on the mechanics of Roman and Iberian combat. About ten years after historians of ancient Greece started to challenge the “rugby scrum” model, Roman Army Scholars started to think hard about what ancient writers said the Roman army and its Iberian opponents did in combat. These descriptions have significant differences from descriptions in earlier Greek writers like Tyrtaeus, Thucydides, and Xenophon (for example, Roman armies can be driven back hundreds of metres before turning the tide, whereas the first time Thucydides’ hoplites turn their backs (tropein) is so important that the other side erects a monument (trope) to it). The blog post is well worth reading. In lieu of a full response I have some comments below.

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